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The atmosphere is a layered envelope of gases surrounding Earth, essential for life, climate regulation, and shielding from solar radiation. For a detailed description, click on the article title.
Atmospheric pollution arises from industrial emissions and fossil fuel consumption, threatening health, ecosystems, and the climate. Mitigation requires global cooperation and sustainable solutions. For a detailed description, click on the article title.
Atolls are coral islands forming ring-like structures around lagoons, supporting diverse marine life and protecting coastlines. Climate change and rising seas pose significant threats to these fragile ecosystems. For a detailed description, click on the article title.
Location: Australasia & Oceania Official name: Commonwealth of Australia Formation (date of independence / date current borders were established): 1901 / 1901 Capital city: Canberra Population: 21.5 million / 7 people per sq mile (3 people per sq km) Total land area: 2,967,893 square miles (7,686,850 square km) Language(s) spoken: English (official language), Italian, Cantonese, …
The Australia Group (AG), established in 1985, coordinates export controls to prevent the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons, supporting global security and arms control agreements. For a detailed description, click on the article title.
Location: Central Europe Official name: Republic of Austria Formation (date of independence / date current borders were established): 1918 / 1919 Capital city: Vienna Population: 8.4 million / 263 people per sq mile (102 people per sq km) Total land area: 32,378 square miles (83,858 square km) Language(s) spoken: German (official language), Croatian, Slovenian, Hungarian …
Autonomy allows self-rule within defined limits, exemplified by Palestinian governance in portions of the West Bank and Gaza under the Oslo Accords. For a detailed description, click on the article title.
Location: Southwest Asia Official name: Republic of Azerbaijan Formation (date of independence / date current borders were established): 1991 / 1991 Capital city: Baku Population: 8.9 million / 266 people per sq mile (103 people per sq km) Total land area: 33,436 square miles (86,600 square km) Language(s) spoken: Azeri (official language), Russian Main religions: …