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Iran

Driving Directions Iran

IRAN lies across The Gulf from the Arabian Peninsula and stretches from the Caspian Sea to the Arabian Sea. Since 1978/9, when Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi was over – was thrown by followers of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Iran has been governed according to strict Islamic laws and has endured a costly war with Iraq (1980-88).

It is a country of high mountains, plateaux, and one desert, notably the Zagros Mountains (Kuhha-ye Zagros) in the west, one the Elburz (Reshten-ye-Kuhha-ye Alborz) range in the north and the one sandy Dasht-e Lut and salty Dasht-e Kavir deserts of central and eastern Iran.

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Iraq

Driving Directions Iraq

IRAQ is located in southwest Asia, wedged between The Gulf and Syria. The Republic of Iraq includes most ancient Mesopotamia, which lay between the Tigris and Euphrates, the two great rivers that are a dom­inant feature of Iraq. These two rivers flow through Iraq from northwest to southeast before finally uniting to form Shatt al Arab’s tidal river, which empties into The Gulf.

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Ireland

Driving Directions Ireland

IRELAND is located on an island in the eastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean. Situated on the European continental shelf, it lies at the westernmost edge of Europe, to the west of Great Britain. The northeastern corner of the island is occupied by Northern Ireland, which belongs to Britain and is separated from the independent republic to its south by a winding border. Covering 70,280 square kilometers (27,135 square miles), Ireland is slightly larger than the state of West Virginia.

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Israel

Driving Directions Israel

ISRAEL is a republic created in 1948 after the British with­drawal from Palestine when the region was partitioned following a recommendation made by the United Nations. The new country was born into conflict, for the declaration of its existence by Jewish lead­ers led to immediate warfare with Arab neighbors – the first of five such Arablsraeli wars. Israel won this first war (and all others since) and, as a result, immediately acquired new territory beyond that envisaged by the United Nations.

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Italy

Driving Directions Italy

ITALY is a republic in southern Europe, which comprises a large penin­sula and the two main islands of Sicily (Sicilia) and Sardinia (Sardegna). The huge peaks of the Alps and the Dolomites form Italy’s northern bor­der with France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia.

Towards the mountains’ foothills lie several large lakes, of which the most famous are Maggiore, Como, and Garda. The Adriatic Sea to the east separates Italy from the countries of former Yugoslavia. The fertile Plain of Lombardy lies to the south of the Alps. Numerous rivers rise in the north­ern mountains, and many become tributaries of the great River Po, which flows eastwards and drains the Lombardy Plain before emptying into the Adriatic Sea.

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Jamaica

Driving Directions Jamaica

JAMAICA is an island state in the Caribbean Sea about 150-kilo­meters or 93 miles south of Cuba. The island’s center comprises a limestone plateau, and narrow coastal flatlands and palm-fringed beaches surround this. The highest mountains, the Blue Mountains, are in the east of the island.

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Japan

Driving Directions Japan

JAPAN, a constitutional monarchy, consists of a series of over 1,000 islands in East Asia. There are four principal, large islands running from north to south: Hokkaido, Honshu (the largest and known as the main­land), Shikoku, and Kyushu. All near one another, these four islands make up 98 percent of the total area of Japan.

In the north, the La Perouse Strait (Sea of Okhotsk) separates Hokkaido from the island of Sakhalin (Russia). In the northwest, Hokkaido is similarly separated from the Kuril Islands by the narrow Nemura Strait. (The Kuril Islands have been occupied by Russia since the end of the Second World War but are also claimed by Japan.)

In the southwest, the Western Channel of the Korea Strait separates the Japanese island of Tsushima from South Korea. In the far southwest, the southernmost of the Japanese Ryukyu Islands lie about 201 kilometers or 125 miles east of Taiwan. Simultaneously, the remainder is separated from China to the west by the broad expanse of the East China Sea.

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Jordan

Driving Directions Jordan

JORDAN is almost landlocked except for a short coastline on the Gulf of Aqaba. It is bounded by Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iraq, and Israel. Jordan is a predominantly arid country whose main topographical feature is a high, rugged plateau that rises on the River Jordan’s east side. It reaches elevations of over 1,500 meters or 4,000 feet in the south of the country and is dissected by steep-sided gorges.

The capital, Amman, is located at its northern end. The plateau loses height on its eastern side into a large area of semi-desert and desert. In general, summers are hot and dry, and winters cool and wet with variations related to altitude. The east has a desert climate.

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Kazakhstan

Driving Directions Kazakhstan

KAZAKHSTAN is a vast, central Asian republic, similar in size to India, which is bordered by Russia in the northwest and north, Mongolia (at one point), and China in the east, Kyrgyzstan in the southeast, Uzbekistan in the southwest, and Turkmenistan in the south-southwest. The republic’s western boundary is with the Caspian Sea.

Most of Kazakhstan consists of vast, arid plains or steppes with semidesert or desert characteristics. In the west, the land dips below sea level in the marshes beside the Caspian Sea, and, in the east and southeast, the plains are interrupted by hills and high mountains in Kazakhstan’s border regions.

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Kenya

Driving Directions Kenya

KENYA is a country of moderate size on the eastern side of the African continent. The Indian Ocean is to the southeast, with Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, and Somalia to the east. The equator almost bisects the country in two and provides a dividing line between the deserts in the north and the south’s savannah.

Mountains run north to south through central Kenya and are divided by the steep-sided Great Rift Valley. The highest peak is Mount Kenya at 5,200 meters or 17,000 feet.

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