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BAHRAIN, a small, oil-rich Emirate comprising 33 low-lying islands situated between the Qatar Peninsula and the mainland of Saudi Arabia, is a hereditary monarchy. The largest island is Bahrain Island, on which the capital, Manama (Al Manamah), is located. The King Fahd Causeway opened in 1986, links Bahrain Island to the mainland of Saudi Arabia. The highest point in the state is only 122 meters or 402 feet above sea level.
CANADA is the second-largest country in the world and the largest in North America. Canada is a land of great climatic and geographical extremes. It lies to the north of the USA and has Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic coasts. The country has the highest number of inland waters and lakes globally, including the Great Lakes on the border with the USA. The Rocky Mountains and Coast Mountains run down the west side, and the highest point, Mount Logan (6,050 meters or 19,524 feet), is in the Yukon. Climates range from polar conditions in the north to cool temperate in the south with considerable differences from west to east.
AZERBAIJAN, a republic of the former USSR, declared itself independent in 1991. The country was plagued by political uncertainty and conflict with Armenia. It is situated on the southwest coast of the Caspian Sea and shares borders with Iran, Armenia, Georgia, and Russia. The River Araks separates Azerbaijan from the region known as Azerbaijan in northern Iran. Azerbaijan’s territory also includes the autonomous republic of Naxcivan, cut off from the rest of the country by southern Armenia, and the disputed Armenian enclave Nagorno-Karabakh. A mountainous, oil-rich country is bounded by the southeastern ranges of the Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and the Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the west, with the Talish Mountains in the extreme south. Rivers descend from the mountains and flow through lower-lying valleys to empty into the Caspian Sea.
AUSTRIA is a landlocked country in central Europe surrounded by seven nations: Italy, Germany, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Hungary, and Slovenia. The wall of mountains that runs across the center of the country dominates the scenery. With their intervening valleys, the mountain chains run in a generally west-east direction, and the highest peak, Grossglockner (3,798 meters or 12,457 feet), is located centrally in the Tauern range. The mountains’ presence means that the average height of land in Austria is 914 meters or 3,000 feet above sea level.
AUSTRALIA, the world’s smallest continental landmass, is a vast and sparsely populated country in the southern hemisphere, whose head of state is the British Sovereign. It consists of seven self-governing states: New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. The capital, Canberra, is situated in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT).
ARUBA is one of the islands in the Netherlands Antilles in the Caribbean Sea, and it has been a self-governing Dutch territory since 1986. The island rises to 189 meters or 620 feet at Jamanota in the southeast of the island.
ARMENIA is the smallest republic of the former USSR and part of Armenia’s former kingdom divided between Turkey, Iran, and the former USSR. It declared independence from the USSR in 1991. It is a mountainous country dominated by the rugged peaks of the Southern Caucasus Mountains, with high plateaux and steep-sided valleys interspersed with numerous lakes. Many of the peaks are over 3,000 meters or 9,900 feet, and Lake Sevan is the largest lake. Lowland areas occur mainly in the river valleys and on the Ararat Plain in the west. Mount Ararat, now in eastern Turkey, has traditionally been essential to the people of Armenia.
ARGENTINA, the world’s eighth-largest country, stretches from the Tropic of Capricorn to Cape Horn on the southern tip of the South American continent. It is 3,331 kilometers or 2,070 miles long and nowhere exceeds 1,384 kilometers or 860 miles in width, and it also includes the eastern part of Tierra del Fuego.
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA is a tiny state comprising three islands – Antigua, Barbuda, and Redonda, an uninhabited rocky islet located on the eastern side of the Leeward Islands.
ANGUILLA is a British Overseas Territory. It was formerly part of St Kitts and Nevis and became a British dependency in 1980. The country’s main source of revenue is tourism and lobsters account for half of the island’s exports.